# TB-500 References: The Thymosin Beta-4 Citation Ledger

> TB-500 references: the full citation list behind this digest — structural, wound, cardiac, neurological and Phase 1 thymosin beta-4 studies, plus the FDA 503A and WADA regulatory sources.

The studies and FDA listings cited across this site, with DOIs, PubMed links and the FDA pages used for the regulatory standing.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative figure on this TB-500 digest is reconciled to one of the entries below. The scientific citations are peer-reviewed studies and reviews; entries 13–16 are the regulatory and anti-doping sources behind the legal-status reading. Where a finding was generated with full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, the body text says so at the point of use — the citation is the same, but the molecule tested is part of the claim. The full list is rendered below with DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

## References

[1] Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Safer D, Elzinga M, Nachmias VT. Interaction of thymosin beta 4 with muscle and platelet actin: implications for actin sequestration in resting platelets. Biochemistry. 1992;31(31):6814-6821. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00142a002
[3] Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2003;11(1):19-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581423/
[4] Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421-429. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099219/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[7] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[8] Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[9] Morris DC, et al. Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neuroscience. 2010;169(2):674-682. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20627173/
[10] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[11] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[12] Sosne G, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1458684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380984/
[13] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; list entry effective September 29, 2023). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[14] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists BPC-157, KPV, TB-500 and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 / Category 2 definitions; 503A and 503B framework). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[16] World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 prohibited under peptide/growth-factor and tissue-repair categories; detectable by LC-MS in equine and human matrices). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

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TB-500 Source reconciles the Ac-LKKTETQ record line by line — each figure matched to its study, the seven-residue fragment held on a separate line from the full-length thymosin beta-4 its data borrow from, and the human-evidence line left openly unbalanced; a register of the facts, not a clinic, a pharmacy, or a prescription.