TB-500 Source

CITATION LEDGER

TB-500 References: Every Figure, Posted to Its Source

The studies and FDA listings cited across this site, with DOIs, PubMed links and the FDA pages used for the regulatory standing.

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How to read this list

Every quantitative figure on this TB-500 digest is reconciled to one of the entries below. The scientific citations are peer-reviewed studies and reviews; entries 13–16 are the regulatory and anti-doping sources behind the legal-status reading. Where a finding was generated with full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, the body text says so at the point of use — the citation is the same, but the molecule tested is part of the claim. The full list is rendered below with DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Safer D, Elzinga M, Nachmias VT. Interaction of thymosin beta 4 with muscle and platelet actin: implications for actin sequestration in resting platelets. Biochemistry. 1992;31(31):6814-6821. ↗
  3. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2003;11(1):19-24. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421-429. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  7. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  8. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  9. Morris DC, et al. Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neuroscience. 2010;169(2):674-682. ↗
  10. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Sosne G, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1458684. ↗
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; list entry effective September 29, 2023). ↗
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists BPC-157, KPV, TB-500 and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). ↗
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 / Category 2 definitions; 503A and 503B framework). ↗
  16. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 prohibited under peptide/growth-factor and tissue-repair categories; detectable by LC-MS in equine and human matrices). ↗